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What are Injection Attacks? Types and How to Prevent Them

  • Soumalya Bhattacharyya
  • Sep 14, 2022
What are Injection Attacks? Types and How to Prevent Them title banner

In an injection attack, an attacker feeds a programme with suspicious input. An interpreter will process this input as part of a command or query. This in turn modifies how that software is run.

 

The oldest and most harmful attacks against web applications are injections. They may result in data loss, data integrity loss, data theft, service denial, and total system compromise. Insufficient user input validation is typically the main cause of injection vulnerabilities.

 

This particular attack style is regarded as a serious issue in online security. For good reason, it is ranked as the top online application security risk in the OWASP Top 10. Especially in older applications, injection attacks—especially SQL Injections (SQLi attacks) and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)—are not only exceedingly hazardous but also common.

 

The huge attack surface of injection vulnerabilities makes them extremely terrifying (especially for XSS and SQL Injection vulnerabilities). Injection attacks are ‌a vulnerability that is well known. This shows that there are several trustworthy tools that are readily accessible for free that enable even novice attackers to automatically exploit these vulnerabilities.

 

Also Read | Introduction to MySQL


 

What Are Injection Attacks?

 

Cyberattacks of the sort called "injection" send data to alter how commands are processed by the system. A malicious piece of data will be transmitted to an interpreter during an injection. Environment variables, parameters, online services, and user types are just a few of the data sources that may be utilized for injection.

 

Data loss, corruption, breaches, loss of control, and the disclosure of private information pertaining to the target host are all risks connected with injection. An "effective" injection can also provide attackers unrestricted access to the database, enabling them to look through tables, read important data from them, update them, and even get administrator access.

 

Through a SQL injection, hackers broke into 7-Eleven systems in 2007. They were able to obtain credit card data and move funds to their own accounts. RTF Template Injection, a new kind of injection attack, has just come to light and is connected to state-sponsored threat actors from Russia, China, and India.

 

Vulnerabilities attacked by Injection Attacks

 

Finding all calls to external resources in the source code is the best technique to see if your apps are susceptible to injection attacks (e.g., system, exec, fork, Runtime.exec, SQL queries, or whatever the syntax is for making requests to interpreters in your environment). 

 

Note that there are several ways to execute external instructions in many different languages. The code should be reviewed by developers to find any instances when data from an HTTP request may enter one of these functions.

 

A user's email address or profile text, for example, that the application expects to receive, are examples of data that an attacker may insert via a SQL injection attack. Following that, the programme executes SQL against the database due to a flaw in the application code.

 

The malicious content injection technique does not always use a "web form" as an injection platform, nor do injection attacks always target SQL databases alone. Any situation where a user interface allows someone to enter or upload data might have a flaw that invites an injection attack.


 

Types of Injection Attacks

 

The two most frequent injection attacks are SQL injection (SQLi) and cross-site scripting (XSS), though they are not the only ones. The most typical injection attack types are shown below:

 

  1. SQL Injection

 

A vulnerability in online security known as SQL injection might let an attacker alter the SQL queries that are sent to the database. This may ‌extract private data, including the data set and database's tables, columns, and structure. 

 

One of the riskiest web application flaws is SQL injection, which consistently makes the CWE Top 25 list of vulnerabilities: A SQL command's improper neutralization of special elements (CWE-89).

 

The attacker inserts SQL commands that have the ability to access or alter database data. Advanced SQL Injection attacks provide the attacker the ability to utilize SQL commands to write any files they want to the server and even run OS commands. A comprehensive system compromise may result from this.

 

  1. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

 

A flaw in online applications known as cross-site scripting (XSS) allows a third party to execute a script in a user's browser on the web application's behalf. According to OWASP 10 2021, cross-site scripting is one of the most prevalent web vulnerabilities. The effects of XSS attacks can be severe, such as sending users to a malicious website or gathering session cookies and taking over the user's session.

 

An unauthorized script (often written in JavaScript) is injected by the attacker into a trustworthy website or online application. The victim's browser is then used to run this script.

 

  1. OS Command Injection

 

A vulnerability called OS Command Injection, commonly referred to as shell injection, enables an attacker to run whatever commands they choose on the server of an active application. 

 

The inserted arbitrary instructions are executed by the operating system with the rights of the web server. Although these command injection issues may not by themselves cause a full system compromise, attackers can use privilege escalation and other vulnerabilities to exploit them.

 

With the permissions of the user executing the web application, the attacker injects operating system instructions. In more complex situations, the attacker may use other privilege escalation flaws to compromise the entire system.

 

Also Read | NoSQL Database: Characteristics, Types, and Applications

 

  1. LDAP Injection

 

On IP servers, directory services are accessed and managed via LDAP (Lightweight Active Directory Protocol). In addition to providing access to a directory database, LDAP is a client-server protocol that is used for authentication, resource management, and permission control. 

 

The server gets malicious LDAP requests when an attacker inserts dangerous statements, which has an impact on security. If an attacker uses LDAP injection successfully, they will have access to confidential data and be able to change the LDAP structure.

 

To execute unauthorized LDAP commands, the attacker injects LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) statements. They have the ability to get access to and change the LDAP tree's data.

 

  1. CRLF Injection

 

Carriage Return Linefeed, or CRLF, is a unique set of characters that the HTTP protocol uses to demarcate lines. In a CRLF injection, the application responds with a header response that includes the attacker's CRLF sequence and any adjacent data that the hacker has supplied. Web page hijacking and other pertinent tactics are used in this assault.

 

An unexpected CRLF (Carriage Return and Line Feed) character sequence is injected by the attacker. By following these steps, you may divide an HTTP response header and put any information you want to the response body. Cross-site Scripting may be used in conjunction with this attack (XSS).

 

  1. Host Header Injection

 

The host header of a website or web application specifies which website or web application will respond to an incoming HTTP request. In order to transmit the request to the specified website or online application, the web server uses the value of this header. 

 

The attacker might poison the web cache and carry out illegal activities like password reset if they transmit an arbitrary host to the real virtual host. By abusing the implicit trust of the HTTP Host header, the attacker taints site caches and password-reset capabilities.

 

  1. Mail Command Injection

 

This attack resembles CRLF injections greatly. To access a mail server that is not immediately accessible through a web application, the attacker uses IMAP/SMTP commands.

 

Attacks of this kind, known as mail command injection, target mail servers, and webmail programmes that produce IMAP/SMTP statements from unfiltered user data.

 

If the attacker gets access to the port number where the mail server is running, he will be able to communicate with it directly. Although email injection does not directly endanger the owner of the web server, it is possible for spam to be sent or phishing attacks to be carried out using a contact form that is vulnerable.


 

How Can Injection Attacks Be Prevented?

 

You can use the following actions to search for injection vulnerabilities in your systems:

 

The image shows how Injection Attacks can be prevented which is by Authorizing Users, Restricting Upload of File, Data Validation, Parameterization usage, and Examining the Configurations

How can Injection Attacks be Prevented?

 

  1. The easiest technique is to highlight a parameter in your browser's address bar, then add a single quotation ('). For instance, underline the value "username=" and substitute "username="'. 

 

The single quotation can also be included inside the value of the argument as in "username=na'me". You may be at risk if you see a field that has been skipped over or a response that contains data.

 

  1. Utilize the Kali Linux free source utility SQLMAP. SQL Injection may be found and investigated using SQLMAP.

 

  1. Take your test script and paste it into the database's input button to check for cross-site scripting. In the event of a vulnerability, you will see exposed data in the JavaScript response.

 

  1. Your programme may be susceptible if your source code uses particular methods or XML or JSON parsers, which enable making requests. Fix various flaws, such as those in the "'" or bash commands.

 

Let's now examine some best practices for avoiding injection vulnerabilities:

 

  1. Authorize Users

 

Attackers using injection techniques frequently target publicly accessible servers and applications. Stopping these attacks is shared by server administrators and application developers. It's crucial to regularly audit systems and securely allow users to use techniques like MFA in order to prevent injections.

 

  1. Restrict Upload of File

 

Malicious malware can be found in files. Therefore, uploading of files with restricted extensions and macros should not be permitted. Check for file extensions and only allow accepted file extensions, such PDF, CSV, or txt, for normal people to upload.

 

  1. Data Validation

 

By ensuring that only properly formatted input enters an information system's processing, input validation works to keep harmful and erroneous data out of the database. Developers verify data by comparing the value of the data to a specific set of criteria, and they evaluate the data within the necessary constraints.

 

  1. Parameterization Usage

 

When developing a query, employ prepared statements at all times. This technique aids in separating the code from the input data. To prevent harmful injection by hackers, prepared statements that are used to compile a query will limit variables on incoming SQL instructions.

 

  1. Examine the Configurations

 

Examine the technologies your application uses and the information accessible about their misuse. Technologies that are out of date might be attacked. Plugins for Javascript and Jquery are two examples of these risky technologies.

 

Also Read | How to Use SQL for Data Analysis?

 

Injection attacks are frequent yet they may be avoided. The primary source of these assaults is user input. You can prevent injection attacks if you have control over how users enter data into your online application.

 

You shouldn't have total faith in anyone accessing your system since you never know what they are planning. Even if you must grant them access to your network, ‌take precautions to make sure that they cannot damage you even if they choose to.

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